A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Virus can infect all types of forms. in the process of infecting a cell,Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail, of the millions of types of viruses in the environment.The study of viruses is known as virology,a  subspeciality of microbiology.

When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, consisting of: (i) the genetic material, i.e. long molecules of DNA or RNA that encode the structure of the proteins by which the virus acts; (ii) a protein coat, the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an outside envelope of lipids. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms to more complex structures. Most virus species have virions too small to be seen with an optical microscope

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