Endocrinology & Diabetes Research is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focused on publishing articles in all aspects of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, Diabetic Nephropathy and retinopathy, Gestational Diabetes and Endocrinology.

Insulin is a naturally-occurring hormone secreted by the pancreas. Insulin is required by the cells of the body in order for them to remove and use glucose from the blood. Cells use glucose to produce energy that they need to carry out their functions. Researchers first gave an active extract of the pancreas containing insulin to a young diabetic patient in 1922, and the FDA first approved insulin in 1939. Currently, insulin used for treatment is derived from beef and pork pancreas as well as recombinant (man-made) technology. The first recombinant human insulin was approved by the FDA in 1982.

Insulin is produced in the pancreas and the Brockmann body (in some fish), and released when any of several stimuli are detected. These stimuli include the rise in plasma concentrations of amino acids and glucose resulting from the digestion of food. Carbohydrates can be polymers of simple sugars or the simple sugars themselves. If the carbohydrates include glucose, then that glucose will be absorbed into the bloodstream and blood glucose level will begin to rise. In target cells, insulin initiates a signal transduction, which has the effect of increasing glucose uptake and storage. Finally, insulin is degraded, terminating the response.

Many types can be used to treat diabetes. They're usually described by how they affect your body.

• Rapid-acting insulin starts to work within a few minutes and lasts for a couple of hours.
• Regular- or short-acting insulin takes about 30 minutes to work fully and lasts for 3 to 6 hours.
• Intermediate-acting insulin takes 2 to 4 hours to work fully. Its effects can last for up to 18 hours.
• Long-acting insulin can work for an entire day.

How Do I Take It?

Many people get insulin into their blood using a needle and syringe, a cartridge system, or pre-filled pen systems.

The place on the body where you give yourself the shot may matter. You'll absorb insulin the most consistently when you inject it into your belly. The next best places to inject it are your arms, thighs, and buttocks. Make it a habit to inject insulin at the same general area of your body, but change up the exact injection spot. This helps lessen scarring under the skin.

Inhaled insulin, insulin pumps, and a quick-acting insulin device are also available.

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Regards,
Andrew James
Journal Coordinator,
Endocrinology & Diabetes Research
Email: endocrinology@peerjournal.org