Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a 3DP process that utilizes filament-type thermoplastics with a printer head that is capable of heating the filament to melting temperatures to create a structure from the bottom up. The printer nozzle moves back and forth according to the design described in the STL file format, adding layer by layer the filament until the structure is complete. The FDM is a precursor to the most widely used bioprinting technique, extrusion-based printing. The technologies are very similar except that extrusion printing does not usually need a heating element as most bioinks will not need to be melted for printing.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most widely used additive manufacturing processes for fabricating prototypes and functional parts in common engineering plastics. The process is based on the extrusion of heated feedstock plastic filaments through a nozzle tip to deposit layers onto a platform to build parts layer by layer directly from a digital model of the part.

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