Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA, EIAn, EIAs) is a rare condition in which anaphylaxis, a serious or life-threatening allergic response, is brought on by physical activity. Approximately 5–15% of all reported cases of anaphylaxis are thought to be exercise-induced. The exact proportion of the population with EIA is unknown, but a 2001 study of 76,229 Japanese junior high students showed that the frequency of EIA was 0.031%. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis is not a widely known or understood condition, with the first research on the disorder only having been conducted in the past 40 years. A case report in 1979 on EIA was the first research of its kind, where a patient was described to experience anaphylactic shock related to exercise 5–24 hours following the consumption of shellfish.The condition is thought to be more prevalent in women, with two studies of EIA patients reporting a ratio of 2:1 for females:males with the disorder. There is, however, thought to be no link to race. Survey results from EIA patients have shown that the average number of attacks per year is 14.5. However, most sufferers of EIA report that both severity and frequency of attacks decrease over time.

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIA) is a subcategory of the disorder where exercise only invokes a reaction when followed by the ingestion of a food allergen. Patients whose EIA is food-dependent are thought to make up from one third to a half of all EIA cases.[7] In a 2001 study of 76,229 Japanese junior high students, 0.017% of students were found to suffer from the condition. In European countries, the most common trigger foods for FDEIA are tomatoes, cereals and peanuts. In Japan, FDEIA is most commonly triggered by omega-5-gliadins, an allergen found in wheat. Other common foods thought to be linked to FDEIA include shellfish, seeds, dairy (in particular cow's milk), fruits and vegetables (such as grapes, onions and oranges), meats, and even mushrooms. Ingestion of the trigger food most often precedes exercise by minutes or hours in cases of an attack; there are, however, reported incidents of attacks occurring when ingestion transpires shortly following activity.

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