Cryogenics: application of low-temperature phenomena

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A cryogenic treatment is the process of treating workpieces to cryogenic temperatures below -190°C to remove residual stresses and improve wear resistance on steels and even composites. In addition to seeking enhanced stress relief and stabilization, or wear resistance, cryogenic treatment is also known for its ability to improve corrosion resistance by precipitating micro-fine eta carbides, which can be measured before and after in a part using a quantimet. The process has a wide range of applications from industrial tooling to the improvement of musical signal transmission. Some of the benefits of cryogenic treatment include longer part life, less failure due to cracking, improved thermal properties, better electrical properties including less electrical resistance, reduced coefficient of friction, less creep and walk, improved flatness, and easier machining. Cryogenics had its beginning in 1877, the year that oxygen was first cooled to the point at which it became a liquid. There are several applications of cryogenics, such as • Used to produce cryogenic fuels for rockets, including liquid hydrogen anf liquid oxygen • Strong electromagnetic fields needed for nuclear magnetic resonance are usually produced by supercooling electromagnets with cyrogens. • Infrared cameras frequently require cryogenic cooling. • Cryogenic freezing of food is used to transport or store large quantities of food. • Cryogenic temperatures are used to store tissue and blood specimens and to preserve experimental samples. • Cryogenic cooling of superconductors may be used to increase electric powr transmission for big cities.